웹 애플리케이션 방화벽(WAF) 시작하기

이 코드 예제에서는 AWS WAF(웹 애플리케이션 방화벽)로 Web ACL 생성 → 문자열 매치 규칙 추가 → 관리형 규칙 추가 → 로깅 구성 → 리소스 정리까지를 다룹니다. IAM 권한을 갖춘 환경에서 aws wafv2 명령으로 웹 트래픽을 보호하는 규칙 체계를 만들어볼 수 있어요.
출처: 문서
본문

#!/bin/bash

# AWS WAF Getting Started Script
# This script creates a Web ACL with a string match rule and AWS Managed Rules,
# associates it with a CloudFront distribution, and then cleans up all resources.

set -euo pipefail

# Security: Restrict file permissions
umask 077

# Set up logging with secure file handling
LOG_FILE="waf-tutorial.log"
touch "$LOG_FILE"
chmod 600 "$LOG_FILE"
exec > >(tee -a "$LOG_FILE") 2>&1

echo "==================================================="
echo "AWS WAF Getting Started Tutorial"
echo "==================================================="
echo "This script will create AWS WAF resources and associate"
echo "them with a CloudFront distribution."
echo ""

# Maximum number of retries for operations
MAX_RETRIES=3

# Function to handle errors securely
handle_error() {
    local error_msg="$1"
    echo "ERROR: $error_msg" >&2
    echo "Check the log file for details: $LOG_FILE" >&2
    cleanup_resources
    exit 1
}

# Function to validate AWS CLI JSON output
validate_json() {
    local json_string="$1"
    if ! echo "$json_string" | jq empty 2>/dev/null; then
        return 1
    fi
    return 0
}

# Function to safely extract JSON values
extract_json_value() {
    local json_string="$1"
    local key_path="$2"
    
    if ! validate_json "$json_string"; then
        return 1
    fi
    
    echo "$json_string" | jq -r "$key_path" 2>/dev/null || return 1
}

# Function to clean up resources securely
cleanup_resources() {
    echo ""
    echo "==================================================="
    echo "CLEANING UP RESOURCES"
    echo "==================================================="
    
    if [ -n "${DISTRIBUTION_ID:-}" ] && [ -n "${WEB_ACL_ARN:-}" ]; then
        echo "Disassociating Web ACL from CloudFront distribution..."
        local account_id
        account_id=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --query Account --output text 2>/dev/null) || account_id=""
        
        if [ -z "$account_id" ]; then
            echo "Warning: Could not retrieve AWS account ID"
            return
        fi
        
        local disassociate_result
        disassociate_result=$(aws wafv2 disassociate-web-acl \
            --resource-arn "arn:aws:cloudfront::${account_id}:distribution/${DISTRIBUTION_ID}" \
            --region us-east-1 2>&1) || true
        
        if echo "$disassociate_result" | grep -qi "error"; then
            echo "Warning: Failed to disassociate Web ACL: $disassociate_result"
        else
            echo "Web ACL disassociated successfully."
        fi
    fi
    
    if [ -n "${WEB_ACL_ID:-}" ] && [ -n "${WEB_ACL_NAME:-}" ]; then
        echo "Deleting Web ACL..."
        
        local get_result
        get_result=$(aws wafv2 get-web-acl \
            --name "$WEB_ACL_NAME" \
            --scope CLOUDFRONT \
            --id "$WEB_ACL_ID" \
            --region us-east-1 2>&1) || true
        
        if echo "$get_result" | grep -qi "error"; then
            echo "Warning: Failed to get Web ACL for deletion: $get_result"
            echo "You may need to manually delete the Web ACL using the AWS Console."
        else
            local latest_token
            latest_token=$(extract_json_value "$get_result" '.WebACL.LockToken' 2>/dev/null) || latest_token=""
            
            if [ -n "$latest_token" ]; then
                local delete_result
                delete_result=$(aws wafv2 delete-web-acl \
                    --name "$WEB_ACL_NAME" \
                    --scope CLOUDFRONT \
                    --id "$WEB_ACL_ID" \
                    --lock-token "$latest_token" \
                    --region us-east-1 2>&1) || true
                
                if echo "$delete_result" | grep -qi "error"; then
                    echo "Warning: Failed to delete Web ACL: $delete_result"
                    echo "You may need to manually delete the Web ACL using the AWS Console."
                else
                    echo "Web ACL deleted successfully."
                fi
            else
                echo "Warning: Could not extract lock token for deletion. You may need to manually delete the Web ACL."
            fi
        fi
    fi
    
    echo "Cleanup process completed."
}

# Security: Trap EXIT to ensure cleanup on any exit
trap cleanup_resources EXIT

# Generate a random identifier for resource names using secure method
RANDOM_ID=$(openssl rand -hex 4) || handle_error "Failed to generate random ID"
WEB_ACL_NAME="MyWebACL-${RANDOM_ID}"
METRIC_NAME="MyWebACLMetrics-${RANDOM_ID}"

echo "Using Web ACL name: $WEB_ACL_NAME"

# Step 1: Create a Web ACL
echo ""
echo "==================================================="
echo "STEP 1: Creating Web ACL"
echo "==================================================="

local create_result
create_result=$(aws wafv2 create-web-acl \
    --name "$WEB_ACL_NAME" \
    --scope "CLOUDFRONT" \
    --default-action Allow={} \
    --visibility-config "SampledRequestsEnabled=true,CloudWatchMetricsEnabled=true,MetricName=$METRIC_NAME" \
    --tags Key=project,Value=doc-smith Key=tutorial,Value=aws-waf-gs \
    --region us-east-1 2>&1) || handle_error "Failed to create Web ACL"

if ! validate_json "$create_result"; then
    handle_error "Invalid JSON response from create-web-acl"
fi

# Extract Web ACL ID, ARN, and Lock Token from the response
WEB_ACL_ID=$(extract_json_value "$create_result" '.Summary.Id') || handle_error "Failed to extract Web ACL ID"
WEB_ACL_ARN=$(extract_json_value "$create_result" '.Summary.ARN') || handle_error "Failed to extract Web ACL ARN"
LOCK_TOKEN=$(extract_json_value "$create_result" '.Summary.LockToken') || handle_error "Failed to extract Lock Token"

echo "Web ACL created successfully with ID: $WEB_ACL_ID"
echo "Lock Token: [REDACTED]"

# Step 2: Add a String Match Rule
echo ""
echo "==================================================="
echo "STEP 2: Adding String Match Rule"
echo "==================================================="

for ((i=1; i<=MAX_RETRIES; i++)); do
    echo "Attempt $i to add string match rule..."
    
    # Get the latest lock token before updating
    local get_result
    get_result=$(aws wafv2 get-web-acl \
        --name "$WEB_ACL_NAME" \
        --scope CLOUDFRONT \
        --id "$WEB_ACL_ID" \
        --region us-east-1 2>&1) || true
    
    if echo "$get_result" | grep -qi "error"; then
        echo "Warning: Failed to get Web ACL for update: $get_result"
        if [ "$i" -eq "$MAX_RETRIES" ]; then
            handle_error "Failed to get Web ACL after $MAX_RETRIES attempts"
        fi
        sleep 2
        continue
    fi
    
    if ! validate_json "$get_result"; then
        echo "Warning: Invalid JSON response from get-web-acl"
        if [ "$i" -eq "$MAX_RETRIES" ]; then
            handle_error "Invalid JSON response after $MAX_RETRIES attempts"
        fi
        sleep 2
        continue
    fi
    
    local latest_token
    latest_token=$(extract_json_value "$get_result" '.WebACL.LockToken' 2>/dev/null) || true
    
    if [ -z "$latest_token" ]; then
        echo "Warning: Could not extract lock token for update"
        if [ "$i" -eq "$MAX_RETRIES" ]; then
            handle_error "Failed to extract lock token after $MAX_RETRIES attempts"
        fi
        sleep 2
        continue
    fi
    
    local update_result
    update_result=$(aws wafv2 update-web-acl \
        --name "$WEB_ACL_NAME" \
        --scope "CLOUDFRONT" \
        --id "$WEB_ACL_ID" \
        --lock-token "$latest_token" \
        --default-action Allow={} \
        --rules '[{
            "Name": "UserAgentRule",
            "Priority": 0,
            "Statement": {
                "ByteMatchStatement": {
                    "SearchString": "MyAgent",
                    "FieldToMatch": {
                        "SingleHeader": {
                            "Name": "user-agent"
                        }
                    },
                    "TextTransformations": [
                        {
                            "Priority": 0,
                            "Type": "NONE"
                        }
                    ],
                    "PositionalConstraint": "EXACTLY"
                }
            },
            "Action": {
                "Count": {}
            },
            "VisibilityConfig": {
                "SampledRequestsEnabled": true,
                "CloudWatchMetricsEnabled": true,
                "MetricName": "UserAgentRuleMetric"
            }
        }]' \
        --visibility-config "SampledRequestsEnabled=true,CloudWatchMetricsEnabled=true,MetricName=$METRIC_NAME" \
        --region us-east-1 2>&1) || true
    
    if echo "$update_result" | grep -qi "WAFOptimisticLockException"; then
        echo "Optimistic lock exception encountered. Will retry with new lock token."
        if [ "$i" -eq "$MAX_RETRIES" ]; then
            handle_error "Failed to add string match rule after $MAX_RETRIES attempts"
        fi
        sleep 2
        continue
    elif echo "$update_result" | grep -qi "error"; then
        handle_error "Failed to add string match rule: $update_result"
    else
        echo "String match rule added successfully."
        break
    fi
done

# Step 3: Add AWS Managed Rules
echo ""
echo "==================================================="
echo "STEP 3: Adding AWS Managed Rules"
echo "==================================================="

for ((i=1; i<=MAX_RETRIES; i++)); do
    echo "Attempt $i to add AWS Managed Rules..."
    
    # Get the latest lock token before updating
    local get_result
    get_result=$(aws wafv2 get-web-acl \
        --name "$WEB_ACL_NAME" \
        --scope CLOUDFRONT \
        --id "$WEB_ACL_ID" \
        --region us-east-1 2>&1) || true
    
    if echo "$get_result" | grep -qi "error"; then
        echo "Warning: Failed to get Web ACL for update: $get_result"
        if [ "$i" -eq "$MAX_RETRIES" ]; then
            handle_error "Failed to get Web ACL after $MAX_RETRIES attempts"
        fi
        sleep 2
        continue
    fi
    
    if ! validate_json "$get_result"; then
        echo "Warning: Invalid JSON response from get-web-acl"
        if [ "$i" -eq "$MAX_RETRIES" ]; then
            handle_error "Invalid JSON response after $MAX_RETRIES attempts"
        fi
        sleep 2
        continue
    fi
    
    local latest_token
    latest_token=$(extract_json_value "$get_result" '.WebACL.LockToken' 2>/dev/null) || true
    
    if [ -z "$latest_token" ]; then
        echo "Warning: Could not extract lock token for update"
        if [ "$i" -eq "$MAX_RETRIES" ]; then
            handle_error "Failed to extract lock token after $MAX_RETRIES attempts"
        fi
        sleep 2
        continue
    fi
    
    local update_result
    update_result=$(aws wafv2 update-web-acl \
        --name "$WEB_ACL_NAME" \
        --scope "CLOUDFRONT" \
        --id "$WEB_ACL_ID" \
        --lock-token "$latest_token" \
        --default-action Allow={} \
        --rules '[{
            "Name": "UserAgentRule",
            "Priority": 0,
            "Statement": {
                "ByteMatchStatement": {
                    "SearchString": "MyAgent",
                    "FieldToMatch": {
                        "SingleHeader": {
                            "Name": "user-agent"
                        }
                    },
                    "TextTransformations": [
                        {
                            "Priority": 0,
                            "Type": "NONE"
                        }
                    ],
                    "PositionalConstraint": "EXACTLY"
                }
            },
            "Action": {
                "Count": {}
            },
            "VisibilityConfig": {
                "SampledRequestsEnabled": true,
                "CloudWatchMetricsEnabled": true,
                "MetricName": "UserAgentRuleMetric"
            }
        },
        {
            "Name": "AWS-AWSManagedRulesCommonRuleSet",
            "Priority": 1,
            "Statement": {
                "ManagedRuleGroupStatement": {
                    "VendorName": "AWS",
                    "Name": "AWSManagedRulesCommonRuleSet",
                    "ExcludedRules": []
                }
            },
            "OverrideAction": {
                "Count": {}
            },
            "VisibilityConfig": {
                "SampledRequestsEnabled": true,
                "CloudWatchMetricsEnabled": true,
                "MetricName": "AWS-AWSManagedRulesCommonRuleSet"
            }
        }]' \
        --visibility-config "SampledRequestsEnabled=true,CloudWatchMetricsEnabled=true,MetricName=$METRIC_NAME" \
        --region us-east-1 2>&1) || true
    
    if echo "$update_result" | grep -qi "WAFOptimisticLockException"; then
        echo "Optimistic lock exception encountered. Will retry with new lock token."
        if [ "$i" -eq "$MAX_RETRIES" ]; then
            handle_error "Failed to add AWS Managed Rules after $MAX_RETRIES attempts"
        fi
        sleep 2
        continue
    elif echo "$update_result" | grep -qi "error"; then
        handle_error "Failed to add AWS Managed Rules: $update_result"
    else
        echo "AWS Managed Rules added successfully."
        break
    fi
done

# Step 4: List CloudFront distributions
echo ""
echo "==================================================="
echo "STEP 4: Listing CloudFront Distributions"
echo "==================================================="

local cf_result
cf_result=$(aws cloudfront list-distributions --query "DistributionList.Items[*].{Id:Id,DomainName:DomainName}" --output table 2>&1) || cf_result=""

if echo "$cf_result" | grep -qi "error"; then
    echo "Warning: Failed to list CloudFront distributions: $cf_result"
    echo "Continuing without CloudFront association."
    DISTRIBUTION_ID=""
else
    echo "$cf_result"

    # Auto-select first CloudFront distribution if available
    echo ""
    echo "==================================================="
    echo "STEP 5: Associate Web ACL with CloudFront Distribution"
    echo "==================================================="
    
    local first_dist
    first_dist=$(aws cloudfront list-distributions --query "DistributionList.Items[0].Id" --output text 2>&1) || first_dist=""
    
    if [ -n "$first_dist" ] && [ "$first_dist" != "None" ] && ! echo "$first_dist" | grep -qi "error"; then
        DISTRIBUTION_ID="$first_dist"
        echo "Using CloudFront distribution: $DISTRIBUTION_ID"
        
        local account_id
        account_id=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --query Account --output text 2>/dev/null) || account_id=""
        
        if [ -z "$account_id" ]; then
            echo "Warning: Could not retrieve AWS account ID for association"
            DISTRIBUTION_ID=""
        else
            local associate_result
            associate_result=$(aws wafv2 associate-web-acl \
                --web-acl-arn "$WEB_ACL_ARN" \
                --resource-arn "arn:aws:cloudfront::${account_id}:distribution/${DISTRIBUTION_ID}" \
                --region us-east-1 2>&1) || true
            
            if echo "$associate_result" | grep -qi "error"; then
                echo "Warning: Failed to associate Web ACL with CloudFront distribution: $associate_result"
                echo "Continuing without CloudFront association."
                DISTRIBUTION_ID=""
            else
                echo "Web ACL associated with CloudFront distribution successfully."
            fi
        fi
    else
        echo "No CloudFront distributions available. Skipping association."
        DISTRIBUTION_ID=""
    fi
fi

# Display summary of created resources
echo ""
echo "==================================================="
echo "RESOURCE SUMMARY"
echo "==================================================="
echo "Web ACL Name: $WEB_ACL_NAME"
echo "Web ACL ID: $WEB_ACL_ID"
echo "Web ACL ARN: $WEB_ACL_ARN"
if [ -n "${DISTRIBUTION_ID:-}" ]; then
    echo "Associated CloudFront Distribution: $DISTRIBUTION_ID"
fi
echo ""

# Auto-confirm cleanup
echo "==================================================="
echo "CLEANUP CONFIRMATION"
echo "==================================================="
echo "Proceeding with automatic cleanup of all created resources..."

echo ""
echo "==================================================="
echo "Tutorial completed!"
echo "==================================================="
echo "Log file: $LOG_FILE"
참고: 이 예제의 전체 소스와 실행 방법은 GitHub의 샘플 개발자 튜토리얼 저장소에서 확인할 수 있어요.
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